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Preserve it and save: how conditional exemption can protect your heritage... and your wallet
Charles Richardson
However, there is still a technical barrier to entry. This presents a practical problem; if your assets pass to your loved ones on your death, how do you ensure that they are able to actually access and benefit from any cryptoassets that you hold?
Yes. Wills are usually expressed so as to cover your entire “estate”. If your estate includes crypto then these assets will be swept up in the same way as other assets in your Will.
Given the unique nature of these assets, it may be worth carving out a clause in your Will to make a specific legacy of these assets. Although, it is important to consider how such a clause should be drafted, particularly if your cryptoassets change over time. If the clause is too narrowly drafted, the gift could fail if the specific cryptoassets owned at death have changed since the Will was drafted.
The executors you name in your Will are responsible for dealing with the administration of your estate following your death. They will have the task of gathering details of all of your assets, reporting values to HMRC for Inheritance Tax purpose and ultimately, distributing your assets in accordance with your Will.
The key consideration when appointing executors is to name people you trust to do the job and carry out your wishes. When it comes to cryptoassets, it is realistic to say that whilst most people may have heard of the asset class they may not have physical experience of dealing with them. It would therefore benefit from being dealt with by someone who has knowledge, expertise or experience in dealing with this sort of asset. Those individuals may not be the same individuals as those you would generally want to deal with the administration of your estate.
If you are lucky enough to have people in your life who understand the world of cryptoassets, one option is to appoint who you want as executors of your estate as a whole, then, in a separate Letter of Wishes addressed to the executors, highlight the individuals you would want them to seek advice and support from when it comes to dealing with your cryptoassets.
This could include suggesting accountants, lawyers or even third-party custodians who may be able to help. This is because the actual dealing with any cryptoasset may also require engagement with individuals who are familiar with the particular cryptoassets held by you (including how and when they were acquired) and related issues.
Even if your chosen executors are familiar with the crypto industry themselves, they will need a huge amount of information on your cryptoassets in order to deal with them effectively.
A Will becomes a public document following your death. It is therefore essential that important access information is kept out of the Will itself (for example, details of your private key or its whereabouts). Your Will can simply identify the people you want to benefit from your assets. A separate Letter of Wishes is a much better place to include more detailed instructions, as this is private document, which is addressed only to your executors. This document can be used as a space to give your executors all of the details they need in order to access and deal with your cryptoassets.
It is important that the Letter of Wishes provides clear information about the cryptoassets that are held, how they are held and how they can be accessed (for example, some accounts may only be accessible with the assistance of two factor authentication by way of a code sent to an authenticator app, email or phone number). This may include explaining where private keys, seed phrases, account credentials and hardware devices are located. If possible, and in advance of any Letter of Wishes being finalised, it may also be worth showing and explaining to the proposed executor how to gain access to an account or wallet.
It is appreciated that passwords, seed phrases and private keys are very sensitive information (and the inadvertent sharing of them more widely than necessary may present a security risk). Therefore, it may not be appropriate for that information to be included within the Letter of Wishes. It may be the case that those credentials are included within a separate location, such as a safe, security deposit box or with a secure and regulated third party custodian. The other important information that will be required will include the underlying source of funds that were used to acquire those cryptoassets. This ensures that the information can be provided to financial institutions, if necessary, and that any tax consequences arising from the disposal of a cryptoasset (or other activities) can be calculated.
Given that your Letter of Wishes will still contain a significant amount of highly sensitive information, it is essential that it is stored somewhere safe and secure and that your executors know where to find it. You might print it and place it in a sealed envelope, to be stored with your original Will (or a copy) in a safe at home or with your solicitor.
A Letter of Wishes has the benefit of being easy to update, with minimal formality. It should be viewed as an evolving document which can (and should) be reviewed and updated from time to time to reflect any changes in your cryptoasset base.
Whoever you appoint as executors in your Will, it is safest to assume that they will have no knowledge of cryptoassets. Your Letter of Wishes should therefore serve as a basic, step-by-step guide to accessing each form of cryptoasset. Specialist advice should be taken so that a plan is personalised for you and your circumstances.
Stephanie is a Senior Associate in the Private Client team. She joined Kingsley Napley in 2016 and advises on a broad range of private client matters, with particular expertise in succession planning with a cross-border element. Stephanie’s clients are varied and include high net worth individuals, multi-generational families, entrepreneurs and trustees.
Chris is a Legal Director in the Dispute Resolution team. He focuses his practice on complex (and often international) commercial litigation, arbitration and investigations involving allegations of fraud or dishonesty. He acts for both Claimants and Defendants in those matters.
Cally is an Associate in the dispute resolution team, specialising in wills, trusts and inheritance disputes. Cally acts for both Claimants and Defendants on a variety of matters including will challenges, succession disputes, trust and estate administration disputes, and claims brought against estates pursuant to the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975, where reasonable financial provision has not been made for the claimant under the terms of the deceased’s will (or on intestacy).
With significant changes to Inheritance Tax (IHT) reliefs for agricultural and business property due to take effect in approximately seven months, affected individuals are exploring every available planning strategy to mitigate the impact. For those who are asset-rich but cash-poor, the prospect of a 20% IHT charge on death is deeply concerning and threatens the continuity of long-held family assets.
The English trust has a fascinating history. It dates back to medieval times, when knights heading off on crusade would hand over their land to someone they trusted to manage it in their absence. This practice laid the foundation for what we now know as the legal split between ownership and benefit: trustees hold the legal title, but the real value belongs to the beneficiaries.
There have been a flurry of media reports that the Treasury is considering changes to the IHT regime at the next Budget in the form of a gifting cap or amending the tapering rules on gifting. The reports make clear nothing has been decided but the kite-flying will no doubt focus minds on estate planning in the weeks ahead.
Is your camel’s back broken yet? Or will this year’s Autumn Budget be the proverbial last straw?
Rachel Reeves’ Autumn Budget in 2024 not only brought in an immediate increase to capital gains tax (CGT) rates, but also announced a swathe of changes to the taxation of international individuals which mostly took effect on the 6th April this year.
For a will to be valid, the testator must have had testamentary capacity at the time it was made. Testamentary capacity refers to the mental ability of the testator to make a valid will.
When a loved one dies, the terms of their will can sometimes surprise surviving family members, with unexpected beneficiaries or unequal distribution of the estate. In England and Wales, individuals have the freedom to leave their estate to anyone, with no legal obligation to provide for specific family members. Even if the will seems unfair, the law generally upholds the testator's wishes, if the will has been validly made. However, certain family members and dependants may be able to bring a claim against the estate (under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975), if adequate provision has not been made for them under a will.
In order for a will to be validly executed it must comply with the requirements set out at Section 9 of the Wills Act 1837.
The increase in the value of cryptoassets has undoubtedly contributed to the continued interest and adoption of this still relatively new asset class across organisations and individuals. The ease of purchasing, selling or transferring a cryptoasset has improved significantly over the last few years (and which has in part stemmed from the development of the regulatory environment). However, there is still a technical barrier to entry. This presents a practical problem; if your assets pass to your loved ones on your death, how do you ensure that they are able to actually access and benefit from any cryptoassets that you hold?
When a testator makes a will, they must have the requisite testamentary capacity to do so. If they do not, this may be grounds for a disappointed beneficiary to issue a probate claim to challenge the validity of the will after the testator's death.
Please see below for our immediate thoughts on pertinent parts of the Budget affecting our client base but do let us know if you have any questions or there is anything you wish to discuss.
Agreements between family members regarding ownership of land are not always formally recorded, as they are more likely to trust one another to abide by any promises or assurances made. However, where no formal agreement is in place, the owner of the land may not feel bound to abide by any promise, and recollections may vary about what was actually said, particularly when this goes back a number of years. It is important for advisors to be live to potential interests that may arise in land, even where formal agreements have not been put in place, to assist them in safeguarding their clients’ interests.
There are an increasing number of cases before the courts concerning the misappropriation of estate assets. Typically, this involves assets being misappropriated by a beneficiary, family member, or personal representative following death, but may also concern assets which were misappropriated during the deceased’s lifetime.
If someone dies domiciled in the UK for inheritance tax (IHT) purposes (or non-domiciled but with UK assets exposed to IHT), this is a tax that cannot be ignored.
This weekend, the national press has reported on another bitter inheritance dispute, this time centred on a strawberry farm.
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It is sometimes assumed that a will cannot be valid if it was made by a person who suffers from dementia. However, many people retain capacity to make a will for a significant period following their diagnosis.
The last thing someone usually needs when dealing with the death of a loved one is to face a legal dispute involving members of their family. Further, the prospect of family members in conflict is unlikely to be what anyone wants to happen after they pass away.
It is fair to say that we as a society are not comfortable discussing death. It is daunting – you have to think about Wills, funerals, organ donations, Lasting Powers of Attorney, and care planning. You cannot escape death, but you can ensure your plans are in place. Unnerving as it is, the alternative to not talking, thinking and planning is problems and heartache for loved ones and arguments over property, assets and funerals. Wills and Lasting Powers of Attorney need to discussed more openly and acted upon.
The concept of matrimonial regimes has become increasingly well known in England, having been a stalwart of the French marriage process for centuries. International clients and those with Anglo French connections are asking the right questions about French marriage contracts versus English prenuptial or postnuptial agreements more frequently, being more aware of the significant differences between the two and also the need for cross-border legal advice to ensure their interests are protected should they later choose to divorce.
Appointing an independent administrator is often a good option when considering the administration of an estate; importantly, it should allow all beneficiaries to feel confident that the estate has been dealt with neutrally and in a professional manner.
We welcome views and opinions about the issues raised in this blog. Should you require specific advice in relation to personal circumstances, please use the form on the contact page.
Our team of specialised lawyers can help
Charles Richardson
Charles Richardson
James Ward
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